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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="Authors'_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_right" title="Database right">Database right</a></li>
<li><a href="Farmers'_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' rights">Farmers' rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li>
<li><a href="Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li>
<li><a href="Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design right</a></li>
<li><a href="Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></li>
<li><a href="Intellectual_property_infringement" title="Intellectual property infringement">Intellectual property infringement</a></li>
<li><a href="Literary_property" title="Literary property">Literary property</a></li>
<li><a href="Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li>
<li><a href="United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants' rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Plant_breeders'_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li>
<li><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li>
<li><a href="Related_rights" title="Related rights">Related rights</a></li>
<li><a href="Supplementary_protection_certificate" title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li>
<li><a href="Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li>
<li><a href="Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li>
<li><a href="Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li>
<li><a href="Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li>
<li><a href="Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">Patent infringement</a></li></ul></td>
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Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<ul><li><a href="Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li>
<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a>
<ul><li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li>
<li><a href="Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li>
<li><a href="Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li>
<li><a href="Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li>
<li><a href="Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li>
<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li>
<li><a href="Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a>
<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul>
<hr>
<i>Higher categories:</i><br><a href="Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td>
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<p>An <b>orphan work</b> is a <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>-protected work for which <a href="Rightsholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rightsholder">rightsholders</a> are positively indeterminate or uncontactable. Sometimes the names of the originators or rightsholders are known, yet it is impossible to contact them because additional details cannot be found.<sup id="cite_ref-Borgman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A work can become orphaned through rightsholders being unaware of their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/holding#Noun" class="extiw external" title="wikt:holding">holding</a>, or by their demise (e.g. deceased persons or defunct companies) and establishing inheritance has proved impracticable.<sup id="cite_ref-JISC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other cases, comprehensively diligent research fails to determine any authors, creators or originators for a work. Since 1989, the amount of orphan works in the United States has increased dramatically since some works are published anonymously, assignments of rights are not required to be disclosed publicly, and registration is optional. As a result, many works' statuses with respect to who holds which rights remain unknown to the public even when those rights are being actively exploited by authors or other rightsholders.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2></div>
<p>Precise figures of orphan works are not readily available, even though libraries, archives and museums hold a vast number of them. In April 2009, a study estimated that the collections of public sector organisations in the UK held about 25 million orphan works.<sup id="cite_ref-JISC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of orphan works include photographs that do not note the photographer, such as photos from scientific expeditions and historical images, old folk music recordings, little known novels and other literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Borgman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a> which becomes an orphaned work is usually known as <i><a href="Abandonware" title="Abandonware">abandonware</a></i>. In 2015, the <a href="Computerspielemuseum_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerspielemuseum Berlin">Computerspielemuseum Berlin</a> estimated that around 50% of their <a href="Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> collection consisted of at least partial orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-50percent_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50percent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Source_code_escrow" title="Source code escrow">Source code escrow</a> can prevent software orphaning but is seldom applied.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>
<p>In countries whose laws do not specifically allow for the use of orphan works, orphan works are not available for legal use by filmmakers, archivists, writers, musicians or broadcasters. Because rightsholders cannot be identified and located to obtain permission, historical and cultural records such as period film footage, photographs, and sound recordings cannot be legally incorporated in contemporary works in such countries (unless the incorporation qualifies as <a href="Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Netanel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netanel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Public_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Public libraries">Public libraries</a>, educational institutions, and <a href="Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums">museums</a> that digitise old manuscripts, books, sound recordings, and film may choose to not digitise orphan works or make orphan works available to the public<sup id="cite_ref-Netanel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netanel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for fear that a re-appearing rightsholder may sue them for damages.<sup id="cite_ref-Borgman_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borgman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>
<p>According to Neil Netanel, the increase in orphan works is the result of two factors: (1) that <a href="Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">copyright terms</a> have been lengthened, and (2) that copyright is automatically conferred without registration or renewal.<sup id="cite_ref-Netanel_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netanel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a fraction of old copyrighted works are available to the public. Netanel argues that rightsholders have "no incentive to maintain a work in circulation" or otherwise make their out-of-print content available unless they can hope to earn more money doing so than by producing new works or engaging in more lucrative activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Netanel_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netanel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some works are deliberately published in ways that make them orphan works (or make certain rights to them "orphan rights"). In particular, all anonymously self-published works are by definition orphan works, regardless of how much revenue they are generating for their authors through advertising or other means. Authors of orphan works argue that these modes of publishing and of earning revenues from orphan works are increasing, and are especially attractive to "whistleblowers, leakers, writers on controversial or stigmatized topics, and writers who fear harassment or retaliation if they are 'outed' or can be identified or located."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifics_by_country">Specifics by country</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>
<p><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has created a supplemental licensing scheme, under Section 77 of its <i><a href="Copyright_Act_(Canada)" title="Copyright Act (Canada)">Copyright Act</a></i>, that allows licenses for the use of published works to be issued by the Copyright Board of Canada on behalf of unlocatable rightsholders after a prospective licensor has "made reasonable efforts to locate the [holders of] the copyright".<sup id="cite_ref-Canada1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2023, the Board had issued 321 such licenses<sup id="cite_ref-Canada2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and denied 36 applications.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3></div>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Orphan_Works_Directive" title="Orphan Works Directive">Orphan Works Directive</a></div>
<p>The <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> (EC), the executive branch of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), created a report on Digital Preservation of Orphan Works and Out-of-Print Works in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 4 June 2008, European representatives of museums, libraries, archives, <a href="Audiovisual_archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiovisual archives">audiovisual archives</a> and rightsholders signed a <a href="Memorandum_of_Understanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of Understanding">Memorandum of Understanding</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling for an orphan works legislation supported by rightsholders that would help cultural institutions to digitize books, films, and music whose authors are unknown, making them available to the public online.<sup id="cite_ref-EC_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the <a href="Strategic_Content_Alliance" title="Strategic Content Alliance">Strategic Content Alliance</a> and the <a href="Collections_Trust" title="Collections Trust">Collections Trust</a> published a report<sup id="cite_ref-JISC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the scope and impact of orphan works and their effect on the delivery of web services to the public.
</p><p>In October 2012, the European Union adopted <a href="Directive_2012/28/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Directive 2012/28/EU">Directive 2012/28/EU</a> on Orphan Works.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It applies to orphan works that were created in the EU as printed works (books, journals, magazines and newspapers), <a href="Cinematographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinematographic">cinematographic</a> and audio-visual works, <a href="Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">phonograms</a>, and works embedded or incorporated in other works or phonograms (e.g. pictures in a book). Under certain conditions, the directive can also apply to unpublished works (such as letters or manuscripts).<sup id="cite_ref-European_Commission_Memo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Commission_Memo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether orphaned <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> and <a href="Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a> ("<a href="Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a>") fall under the <i>audiovisual works</i> definition is a matter debated by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The Directive was influenced by a survey of the state of intellectual property law in the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> called the <i>Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property and Growth</i>. <a href="James_Boyle_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Boyle (academic)">James Boyle</a>, one of the experts consulted for the Review, acknowledged the directive as "a start", but offered this criticism of the resulting policy:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In brief, the scheme is heavily institutional, statist, and inflexible. Its provisions can really only be used by educational and cultural heritage institutions, only for non-profit purposes, with lengthy and costly licensing provisions designed to protect the monetary interests of—almost certainly—nonexistent rightsholders. The EU seemed never to grasp the idea that <i>citizens</i> also need to have access to orphan works, for uses that almost certainly present no threat to any living rightsholder.</p></blockquote><p>By 2018, six years after the enactment of the directive, around 6,000 works had been entered into the orphan works registry that it created.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics cited the low numbers as evidence "that the EU approach to orphan works is unreasonably complex and won’t adequately address the problem it’s trying to fix," namely enabling mass digitization efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3></div>
<p>Act LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright lays out explicit regulations governing orphan works in Chapter IV/A, "The Use of Orphan Works." Per Section 41/B, for a fee, orphan works may be granted a non-exclusive and non-transferable license for use by the Hungarian Intellectual Property Office. The work may be licensed for up to five years and is only valid within Hungary. The license does not "confer the right for granting further licenses or adaptation of the work."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>
<p>Article 31A of the Copyright Act, 1957 contains provisions for compulsory licenses in unpublished or published works in cases where "the work is withheld from the public in India, the author is dead or unknown or cannot be traced, or the owner of the copyright in such work cannot be found." In these cases, the interested party may submit an application requesting licensing rights to the Appellate Board.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div>
<p>Orphan works are addressed in the Japanese Copyright Act, Chapter II, Section 8, Article 67, "Exploitation of a Work If the Copyright Owner Is Unknown." This states that a person interested in licensing an orphan work may do so "after depositing compensation for the copyright owner in an amount fixed by the Commissioner [of the Agency for Cultural Affairs] as equivalent to the ordinary rate of royalties."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3></div>
<p>Copyright Law in Saudi Arabia is governed by Royal Decree No. M/11 (1989) and does not integrate the term "orphan works." Article 16, "Mandatory Licenses," contains provisions for situations in which publication licenses may be granted after the expiration of copyright. These situations include those in which no copies of the work are available "at a price comparable to the price of similar works" or if the work is out of print. These situations are contingent on whether the author or copyright owner makes the works available.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3></div>
<p>The South Korean Copyright Act alludes to orphan works in Section 4, Article 50, "Exploitation of Works Whose Holder of Author's Economic Right is Unknown." Under these provisions, a person may exploit works whose "holder of author's economic right" cannot be identified after a "considerable effort to meet the standards described by the Presidential Decree." The person must pay "a remuneration as determined by the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism after obtaining his or her approval." These permissions only apply if the work in question is not by a foreigner.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>
<p>On 29 October 2014, the <a href="Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a> (IPO) launched an online licensing scheme for orphan works.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It differs from the EU's directive (which no longer applies in the UK)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in several aspects, e.g. by allowing anyone instead of just cultural institutions to submit works, while however imposing application and license fees.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A launch press release by the IPO was entitled "UK opens access to 91 million Orphan Works", but four years later, only 144 licenses had been granted, covering 877 works.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 31st December 2020, at midnight, after the end of the Brexit transition period and when the UK left the EU, the orphan works exception, transposed from the EU Directive, was removed from the UK's legislative framework and ceased to apply.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Orphan_works_in_the_United_States" title="Orphan works in the United States">Orphan works in the United States</a></div>
<p>As of 2015, no formal legislation governing the general use of orphan works has been passed in the United States. The <a href="U.S._Copyright_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Copyright Office">U.S. Copyright Office</a> released <i>Orphan Works and Mass Digitization: A Report on the Register of Copyrights</i> in June 2015, which provided an overview on the state of orphan works in the United States and recommended appropriate legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Under the provisions of <a href="Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/108">§ 108</a>(h), public libraries and archives in the United States have some permissions to produce copies of orphan works.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orphan_works" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Orphan works">Orphan works</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a href="Copyright_formalities" title="Copyright formalities">Copyright formalities</a></li>
<li><a href="Orphan_film" title="Orphan film">Orphan film</a></li>
<li><a href="Orphaned_technology" title="Orphaned technology">Orphaned technology</a></li>
<li><a href="Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-Borgman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borgman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borgman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borgman_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFBorgman2007" class="citation book cs1">Borgman, Christine L. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scholarshipindig00borg/page/108"><i>Scholarship in the digital age: information, infrastructure, and the internet</i></a></span>. MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scholarshipindig00borg/page/108">108</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-02619-2</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-JISC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JISC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JISC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JISC_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118103903/http://sca.jiscinvolve.org/files/2009/06/sca_colltrust_orphan_works_v1-final.pdf"><i>In from the Cold: An assessment of the scope of 'Orphan Works' and its impact on the delivery of services to the public by Naomi Korn</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. JISC Collections Trust. April 2009. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sca.jiscinvolve.org/wp/files/2009/06/sca_colltrust_orphan_works_v1-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-11-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-06</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Writers_Union2021" class="citation web cs1">National Writers Union (March 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nwu.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NWU-comments-Digital-Copyright-Act-5MAR2021.pdf">"NWU comments on discussion draft, Digital Copyright Act (DCA) of 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50percent-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50percent_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2015" class="citation web cs1">Maier, Henrike (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiig.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Maier_JIPITEC-2015-120_Games-as-cultural-heritage.pdf">"Games as Cultural Heritage Copyright Challenges for Preserving (Orphan) Video Games in the EU"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JIPITEC</i>. <a href="Humboldt_Universit%C3%A4t_zu_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Universität zu Berlin">Humboldt Universität zu Berlin</a>. p. 127<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>. <q>The <a href="Computerspielemuseum_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerspielemuseum Berlin">Computerspielemuseum</a> in Berlin estimates that around 50 % of their collection consists of at least partial orphans.</q></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Netanel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netanel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netanel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netanel_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netanel_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNetanel2008" class="citation book cs1">Netanel, Neil (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vo9G-0iZNQIC&q=orphan+works"><i>Copyright's paradox</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 200. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-513762-0</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Writers_Union2021" class="citation web cs1">National Writers Union (March 5, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nwu.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NWU-comments-Digital-Copyright-Act-5MAR2021.pdf">"NWU comments on discussion draft, Digital Copyright Act (DCA) of 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Canada1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/page-20.html#h-105208"><i>Copyright Act</i>, R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42, s. 77</a>, retrieved on 2023-06-07 from Justice Laws Website. </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Canada2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canada2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decisions.cb-cda.gc.ca/cb-cda/en/d/s/index.do?cont=&ref=&d1=&d2=&st=332&or=">"Unlocatable Copyright Owners"</a>. Copyright Board of Canada. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-07</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decisions.cb-cda.gc.ca/cb-cda/en/d/s/index.do?cont=&ref=&d1=&d2=&st=333&or=">"Unlocatable Copyright Owners"</a>. Copyright Board of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-07</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-EC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EC_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EC_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/itemlongdetail.cfm?item_id=3366">"Report on Digital Preservation, Orphan Works and Out-of-Print Works, Selected Implementation Issues"</a>. European Commission. 2007-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-09</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/other_groups/hleg/meetings/index_en.htm">"Digital Libraries Initiative - High Level Expert Group (HLEG) | Europa - Information Society"</a>. Ec.europa.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-20</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/copyright/orphan_works/index_en.htm">"Directive 2012/28/EU"</a>. Ec.europa.eu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-20</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2015" class="citation web cs1">Maier, Henrike (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiig.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Maier_JIPITEC-2015-120_Games-as-cultural-heritage.pdf">"Games as Cultural Heritage Copyright Challenges for Preserving (Orphan) Video Games in the EU"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>JIPITEC</i>. <a href="Humboldt_Universit%C3%A4t_zu_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Universität zu Berlin">Humboldt Universität zu Berlin</a>. p. 120<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-18</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepublicdomain.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Is-Copyright-Reform-Possible1.pdf">"(When) Is Copyright Reform Possible? Lessons from the Hargreaves Review"</a> by James Boyle (2015), also in: <cite id="CITEREFOkediji2017" class="citation book cs1">Okediji, Ruth L., ed. (2017-03-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-TFDgAAQBAJ&q=%22heavily+institutional%22+%22no+threat%22"><i>Copyright Law in an Age of Limitations and Exceptions</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-316-56526-1</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMartinezTerras2019" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez, Merisa; Terras, Melissa (2019-05-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16995%2Folh.335">"'Not Adopted': The UK Orphan Works Licensing Scheme and How the Crisis of Copyright in the Cultural Heritage Sector Restricts Access to Digital Content"</a>. <i>Open Library of Humanities</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 36. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16995%2Folh.335">10.16995/olh.335</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F4b54f86f-11a9-4835-bffa-6eb998863bd1">20.500.11820/4b54f86f-11a9-4835-bffa-6eb998863bd1</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-6700">2056-6700</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZeinstra2016" class="citation web cs1">Zeinstra, Maarten (2016-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.communia-association.org/2016/02/16/orphan-works-directive-does-not-work/">"Research: Orphan Works Directive does not work for mass digitisation"</a>. <i>International Communia Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-04</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHungarian_Intellectual_Property_Office2018" class="citation web cs1">Hungarian Intellectual Property Office (13 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sztnh.gov.hu/sites/default/files/szjt_lxxvi_1999_en_rev_1.pdf">"Act LXXVI of 1999 on copyright"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hungarian Intellectual Property Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://njt.hu/cgi_bin/njt_doc.cgi?docid=41066.384706">1999. évi LXXVI. törvény a szerzői jogról</a> [Act No. LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright] (Act LXXVI, §§ 41/A–41/K) (in Hungarian). National Assembly of Hungary. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-22</span></span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCopyright_Office,_Government_of_India" class="citation web cs1">Copyright Office, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov.in/documents/copyrightrules1957.pdf">"The Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Justice,_Japan2025" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Justice, Japan (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3379/en">"Copyright Act (Act No. 48 of 1970)"</a>. <i>Japanese Law Translation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/copyright-law">"Copyright Law"</a>. <i>Laws</i>. <a href="Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia%2C_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C.">The Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKorea_Legislation_Research_Institute2017" class="citation web cs1">Korea Legislation Research Institute (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?hseq=42726&lang=ENG">"Copyright Act"</a>. <i>Statutes of the Republic of Korea</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/apply-for-a-licence-to-use-an-orphan-work">"Apply for a licence to use an orphan work"</a>. <i>www.gov.uk</i>. IPO UK Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/millions-of-orphan-artworks-and-historic-documents-to-be-seen-under-new-copyright-laws-9824266.html">"Millions of unseen 'orphan' artworks to be put on show"</a> by Adam Sherwi], <i><a href="The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 29 October 2014</span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/guidance/orphan-works-and-cultural-heritage-institutions#:~:text=Office%20(%20EUIPO%20).-,No%20orphan%20works%20exception%20in%20the%20UK,online%20before%201%20January%202021.">"Orphan works and cultural heritage institutions"</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/orphan/">"Orphan Works"</a>. <i>U.S. Copyright Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/orphan/reports/orphan-works2015.pdf">"Orphan Works and Mass Digitization: A Report of the Register of Copyrights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Copyright Office. June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320204019/https://www.copyright.gov/orphan/reports/orphan-works2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Intellectual_property_activism89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li>
<li><a href="Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li>
<li><a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>
<li><a href="Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li>
<li><a href="Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li>
<li><a href="Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a>
<ul><li><a href="Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li>
<li><a href="Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li>
<li><a href="Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li>
<li><a href="Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li>
<li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a>
<ul><li><a href="Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li>
<li><a href="Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li>
<li><a href="Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li>
<li><a href="Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
<li><a href="Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li>
<li><a href="Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li>
<li><a href="Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li>
<li><a href="Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li>
<li><a href="Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li>
<li><a href="Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li>
<li><a href="Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li>
<li><a href="Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a>
<ul><li><a href="Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li>
<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a>
<ul><li><a href="Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li>
<li><a href="Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li>
<li><a href="Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li>
<li><a href="Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li>
<li><a href="Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anna's_Archive" title="Anna's Archive">Anna's Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li>
<li><a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li>
<li><a href="Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li>
<li><a href="Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Anarchist_Library" title="The Anarchist Library">The Anarchist Library</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li>
<li><a href="Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li>
<li><a href="Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li>
<li><a href="Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li>
<li><a href="Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li>
<li><a href="Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li>
<li><a href="Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li>
<li><a href="Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li>
<li><a href="Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li>
<li><a href="Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li>
<li><a href="Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li>
<li><a href="Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li>
<li><a href="Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="RiP!%3A_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_Internet's_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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